Mayoux, Linda2019-09-252019-09-252011-06-221995-051020-3354http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/179366"Attempts to increase women s participation in economic activity are not new. In some countries, including the Gambia, India and Kenya, handicraft programmes for destitute women were a common feature of philanthropic women s organizations under colonialism (Jallow, 1988; Mayoux, 1986; Wamalwa, 1991). At independence some new national governments were concerned about issues of female poverty and/or harnessing their time and skills for economic development. As discussed in more detail in Part II, this led to the introduction of women s training courses and programmes for women s co-operative development in a number of countries in the 1950s and 1960s. Such programmes also often found support from international development agencies, particularly where they were seen as contributing to family welfare and child health. Then in the mid-1970s to early 1980s there was a sudden surge of interest in ways of increasing women s access to income. On the one hand this coincided with a growing interest in the potential of the newly identified informal sector as both a contributor to economic growth and a means of targeted poverty alleviation and employment creation.2 On the other hand the start of the United Nations Decade for Women (1976-1985) focused attention on women s ability to earn an income as a necessary element of household poverty alleviation and a pre-condition to gender equity. Despite the Decade s undoubted limitations it led to the formation of women s departments and ministries in many countries and within development agencies (see e.g. Pietila and Vickers, 1990; Tinker and Jaquette, 1986) and the initiation or intensification of extensive research programmes on women s work and position (e.g. GOI, 1974; ZWB, 1981). The research generated highlighted both the extent of discrimination which women faced in the labour market and the household, and also the important contribution which women made to household welfare. It also highlighted the extent to which women had been excluded from, or further disadvantaged by, mainstream development programmes (Rogers, 1980; Nelson ed., 1979b; Nelson ed., 1981; Dey, 1982). The research in turn provided crucial evidence to support national and international women s organizations in their campaigns for change. Within major aid organizations growing women s lobbies were emphasizing the efficiency effects of integrating women in development programmes and the costs of not doing so (Moser, 1994). These concerns were echoed in a series of national and international seminars and workshops on income generation in the late 1970s and early 1980s.3"(pg 1)Pages: 82engWith permission of the license/copyright holderethics of virtuegenderdevelopment aidCommunity ethicsLifestyle ethicsSocial ethicsFamily ethicsSexual orientation/genderEducation and ethicsEthnicity and ethicsMinority ethicsBook