Transparency International2019-09-252019-09-252011-04-042009-06-181998-6432http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12424/177466"Corruption’s tax on sector resources is also unevenly shouldered, with the heaviest burden falling on the poor. In developing countries, corruption is estimated to raise the price of connecting a household to a water network by as much as 30 to 45 percent. Corruption can lead to policies and projects that favour the middle and upper-classes and leave the poor with high prices and insufficient access. Such elevated costs and distorted policies inflate the overall costs for achieving the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) for water and sanitation, cornerstones for remedying the global water crisis, by more than US $48 billion. When private actors step in to meet the service shortfall, the challenge of promoting pro-poor solutions to the problem takes on different dynamics. Private operators can inject much needed capital, technology and organisational capacity into the sector, but they are also not free from corruption risks. Abuses may occur in the awarding and oversight of contracts."engWith permission of the license/copyright holderoption for the poorwaterPolitical ethicsCommunity ethicsJournal