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[Global Corruption Report 2007] Specific Manifestations of Corruption
Zurawicki, Leon
Zurawicki, Leon
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"A general index of national corruption levels, such as TI’s Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), is convenient, but may not explain important differences and similarities among economies. Moreover, within a specific individual economy, the intensity of corruption may vary by region, industry and type of interaction with the government, among other factors. This paper compares specific levels of perceived corruption in two emerging economic giants, Brazil and Russia, across several industries and points of interaction with the state. Specific indices of corruption compared Corruption has been a problem for both Brazil and Russia for a long time. Russia scores consistently lower than Brazil on the TI CPI: the difference in their respective CPI scores ranges between 1.1 and 1.8 for different years from 1998 through 2005. Despite the substantial and consistent differences between the two countries’ CPI scores, detailed data from other sources show a more complex picture. Indeed on some measures of corruption Russia performs better than Brazil. Figure 1 illustrates the differences between Brazil and Russia according to 18 factors that have a bearing on corruption, such as distorting government subsidies, efficiency of legal framework and transparency of government policymaking, taken from the 2003 Global Competitiveness Report indices of bribery and corruption.2 As can be observed, the differences between the ratings for Brazil and Russia do not show a uniform pattern. First, the differences in macrocharacteristics such as judicial independence and property rights (variables 2 and 4) are generally more accentuated than variations in the micro-aspects of corruption, such as the indices that point to bribery in specific areas (variables 9 through 14).3 This observation puts the challenge of corruption in each country in a broader context, one influenced by the hurdles to conducting business. Poor institutions separate Russia from Brazil more than the manifestations of bribery, with Brazil performing most poorly overall. Second, there is a great similarity in lack of trust in politicians (variable 17, which has the lowest rating for both countries) and in the cost of organised crime and bribery in tax collection (variables 8 and 11, respectively)."(pg 342)
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Book chapter
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2007
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9780521700702
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With permission of the license/copyright holder