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论保护少数的权利 [On the Protection of the Rights of Minorities]
龚, 群
龚, 群
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Abstract
现代民主的实质在于每个公民受到平等的尊重，其权利和自由得到政治的保 障。康德的目的王国的理念在哲学上体现了民主的这种精神内涵。将目的王国的概念转换成政 治哲学的概念，就是一个个人权利的概念。现代民主不仅是说要代表民意，更重要的是要尊重 每一个人的基本权利和保障每一个人的基本自由。多数原则是民主制度所确立的原则可操作性 原则。多数原则所导致的是多数的统治。而多数的统治在民主的历史中，往往导致的是多数的 专制，即多数对少数的专制，对少数的压制、制裁甚至从肉体上消灭。古希腊的民主制是一种 多数专制的民主，现代西方民主在其发展的早期也存在着多数的专制问题，如托克威尔所在 《论美国的民主》中所指出的美国民主早期的多数的暴政。中国的“文化大革命”中的大民主， 群众专政，就是运用多数民主来达到专制或暴政。或者说，实际上是一种多数的专制或暴政。 所谓多数的专制也就是对与多数的政见或意见不同的人的专制。少数的专制则是统治集团的少 数政治人物（国王、皇帝、寡头等）对社会的专制，或称为精英专制。精英专制中最受害者同 样是那些反对派或持不同政见者。当反对派或反抗者成为多数时，这种精英统治也就不能维 持。因此，所谓精英专制也就是对少数人的专制。从多数专制到少数专制，虽然极不相同，但 却两极相通。这就是都没有保护少数的权利，或取消少数存在的权利。保护少数的权利，最基 本的就是保护少数的言论自由权利。对于现代民主的建设，我们不仅要营造一种环境，形成有 效多数、真正体现自我意愿的多数，而且要真正保障少数。同时，保障少数人的权利本身也就 是形成负责任的多数的前提。保障少数的权利，成为现代民主国家建设的一个重要的指标。 [The essence of modern democracy lies in equal respecting for every citizen, and to protect his rights and freedom in politics. The conception of Kate’s End Realm in philosophy embodies the spirit of democracy. To transfer the Kate’s End Realm into the political conception, we can get the conception of individual rights. Modern democracy not only represents the ideas of people, but also respects the basic rights and protects the basic freedom of every citizen. The principle of majority is one operating principle which democracy sets up. The principle of majority leads to rule of majority. However, the rule of majority often results in the dictatorship of majority in the history of democracy, namely, the dictatorship of majority to minority, to suppress, to sanction or even to die out the minority. Democracy institution in Ancient Greek is one of majority dictatorship, and in the early time of modern Western democracy, for example, in America, there was the problem of majority dictatorship. Mass dictatorship was the autocracy or tyranny by majority democracy (or called it “Great Democracy”) in the period of Great Culture Revolution in China. The essence of majority dictatorship lies in the dictatorship to the minority who have the political or religious opinions different from majority. There also is another dictatorship which can be called by minority dictatorship, or called by elite rule which is the one to society by the few of politicians, kings, empires, other autocrats or group of autocrats. Though the elite dictatorship if the one to majority, the most sufferers of the people are minority who are against the rule or have different opinions about politics. The elite rule can not survive if the opposites become majority. Therefore, the elite rule is the dictatorship to minority. From majority dictatorship to the elite rule, though it is different kinds of patterns, the nature of two is the same and the nature is no rights for the minority, or not protect the rights of minority. To protect the rights of minority and to limit the rights of majority, the basic way is to protect the freedom of speech of minority. To build modern democracy in China, we are not only to form one kind of environment, where we can find effective majority who can express their selves in their hearts, but also to protect the rights of minority. The effective majority presupposes to protect the rights of minority. To guard the rights of minority is the measure of building modern state of democracy. ]
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2005
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