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慎独辨：以刘宗周的慎独说及其对朱熹、王阳明的批评为例 [On the Confucian Idea of Vigilance in Solitude (Shen Du): A Study of LIU Zongzhou’s Philosophy and His Criticism of ZHU Xi and WANG Yangming]
Gan, Xiangman
Gan, Xiangman
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The expression “being vigilant in solitude” (Shen Du), comes from the Great Learning (Da Xue) and the Doctrine of the Mean (Zhong Yong), and is a central concept in Confucianism. In the Great Learning and the Doctrine of the Mean, “vigilance in solitude” basically means knowing oneself or having a sincere and honest evaluation of oneself. LIU Zongzhou, a famous Confucian scholar in the Ming Dynasty, took the concept of “vigilance in solitude” as his doctrinal leitmotiv and interpreted the concept with particular emphasis in the Great Learning and Doctrine of the Mean respectively. In the Great Learning, LIU proposed that the notion of “vigilance in solitude” runs through the exercises of the Eight Entries (Ba Tiaomu) from the Investigating of Things (Ge Wu) to Making the Whole Realm Peaceful (Ping Tianxia); in the Doctrine of the Mean, “vigilance in solitude” was the essence of the Mandate of Heaven (Tian ming). LIU Zongzhou criticized the doctrine of ZHU Xi and WANG Yangming. The former interpreted “vigilance in solitude” as “knowing alone” or “staying alone; and the latter interpreted it as “innate knowledge” (liang zhi), which was contrary to the Great Learning. He also considered will (Yi) as the Function (Yong), and Heart (Xin) as Substance (Ti) which, in LIU Zongzhou’s opinon, was incorrect. According to LIU Zongzhou, “vigilance in solitude” is a fundamental tradition and the life blood of Confucianism and must be handled carefully.
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2013-01
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